Thoracic outlet boundaries mnemonic. Ten structures pass through the carpal tunnel.

Thoracic outlet boundaries mnemonic Laterally: Medial border of first rib and its cartilage. As the subclavian artery crosses the lateral border of the first rib, it becomes the A similar situation to that previously described also exists in the female pelvis. Vertebral part arising by vertebral columns (crura) and from the arcuate ligaments The right crus arises from sides of the bodies of first three lumbar vertebrae and the Gross anatomy. The thoracic wall is formed by the thoracic cage, intercostal muscles, skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscles and skin of the anterolateral surface. S: superior thoracic artery (from 1st part) A: acromiothoracic (thoracoacromial) artery (from 2nd part) The term thoracic outlet compression syndrome began to appear in the 1950s. TOS is subclassified as neurogenic TOS (NTOS), venous TOS (VTOS), and arterial TOS (ATOS) depending on whether the brachial plexus, subclavian vein, Histological analysis of scalene muscles removed during thoracic outlet decompression for NTOS demonstrates excess scar tissue within the muscles which results in a loss of flexibility, shortening of the muscle, and resultant narrowing of the muscular boundaries of the thoracic outlet . The superior thoracic aperture is kidney-shaped and lies in an oblique transverse plane, tilted anteroinferiorly to posterosuperiorly. The intercostobrachial nerve supplies the skin of the axilla. superior border: lower margin of the cricoid cartilage; inferior border: strictly the IASLC defines this as the clavicles, which leads to ambiguity, particularly as the clavicle is mobile - a more definitive anatomical boundary is the thoracic inlet, i. Muscles Contents. 2 Radiologic Correlations with Anatomy and Pathology 4. The thoracic inlet is essentially a hole surrounded by a bony ring, through which several vital structures pass. The subclavian artery arises from the upper mediastinum, passes behind the anterior scalene muscle, and then arches Diagnosis and Management of Primary Axillo-Subclavian Venous Thrombosis. Study guide. com - Meaning of thoracic outlet syndrome and a memory aid (called Mnemonic) to retain that meaning for long time in our memory. Béclard (1785–1825), Anatomical variations of the scalene muscles can cause compression of neurovascular structures at the thoracic outlet and lead to Over 90% of cases of thoracic outlet syndrome can be categorized as neurogenic, 26 with compression, entrapment, or variant anatomy of the brachial plexus contributing. The CT appearance of jugular vein thrombosis varies with the age of the lesion: In the acute phase, there is often loss of soft-tissue planes Thoracic wall The first step in understanding thorax anatomy is to find out its boundaries. Subclavian Artery; Brachial Using surface landmarks, the thoracic outlet is located next to the large muscle that runs vertically in the neck, called the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and in front of the muscle that runs across the back of the neck, called the trapezius muscle. The axilla is pyramidal in shape with its apex opening superiorly towards the base of the neck between the subclavius muscle, first rib, superior border of the Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is the constellation of symptoms caused by compression of neurovascular structures in the thoracic outlet. . Brachial Plexus (BP): The plexus arises from nerve roots C5 to C8 plus T1. In these patients the retrosternal space . TOS was first reported by Rogers in 1949 and more precisely characterized by Rob and Standeven in 1958. It represents an important anatomic landmark, serving as the central conducting pathway for many vital A variety of ligaments and bands have been classified that can act as predisposing factors. Most masses in the posterior mediastinum are neurogenic in nature. The term ‘primary RP’ is generally applied when no underlying pathology can be demonstrated. Thoracic outlet compression by hypertrophy of pectoralis minor muscle, leading to axillary artery occlusion, can be seen in athletes like baseball pitchers. It separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities from each other by closing the inferior thoracic aperture. The bony boundaries of the outlet include: The clavicle. Whilst ‘primary RP’ is MnemonicDictionary. Post-operative bleeding can be The scalene triangle (also known as the interscalene triangle) is located laterally at the root of the neck and is the space through which the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus and the third part of the subclavian artery exit the neck. Posteriorly: T12 Laterally: Ribs 11 & 12 Anteriorly: Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10. TOS can be divided into three subgroups depending on the compressed structure: arterial TOS Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet? What is another name for the thoracic inlet?, What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture? What is another name for the inferior thoracic aperture?, What are the boundaries of the sternal region (median anterior wall) of the thoracic cavity? and more. Arises from nerve roots C5 to T1. Nerve roots network into 3 trunks, 6 divisions (3 anterior, 3 posterior), 3 cords, and 5 branches Cardiac silhouette • Right border: from the 3rd costal cartilage to the 6th costal cartilage (a fingers breadth from the right margin of the sternum) • Lower border: across the xiphisternal junction to a point just medial to the mid-clavicular line in the 5th intercostal space • Left border: from the apex to the 2nd intercostal space (a finger’s breadth from the left margin of the sternum) The base/floor is composed of tough axillary fascia, which extends between the chest wall (at the level of the 4 th rib), arm, and the posterior boundary. The thoracic inlet is the passage of the trachea, aortic arch arteries, major veins, and lymphatics. This may occur in practice in cases of association between proximal compression of the nerve route at the vertebral level (or thoracic outlet syndrome) and distal CTS. It contains three areas: the scalene The costoclavicular space is the anterior portion of the superior thoracic aperture, between the clavicle and first rib. This region contains structures that support the urogenital and gastrointestinal systems – and it therefore plays an important role in functions The thoracic inlet is located at the crossroads between imaging of the neck and chest. Boundaries of the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet extends It is the region in thoracic cavity between the pulmonary cavities (covered by mediastinal pleura and excludes the lungs). Anteriorly, the thoracic outlet Describe the boundaries of the thoracic inlet and outlet and the structures that pass through them and their relations. The thoracic inlet is the junctional region between the structures of the root of the neck and the contents of the thoracic cavity. Its bony margins are: As with the thoracic inlet, the transverse diameter The term ‘thoracic outlet syndrome’ describes compression of the neurovascular structures as they exit through the thoracic outlet (cervicothoracobrachial region). THE ANATOMY OF THE THORACIC OUTLET. • Demonstrate the main anatomical features and surface landmarks of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum and the joints Symptoms decrease quality of life and vary in severity from weakness to loss of fine motor skills. Boundaries. Origin of diaphragm can be divided into three parts 1. Imaging findings of thoracic outlet syndrome include 10: neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome bone and soft-tissue abnormalities loss of fat about brachial plexus with abduction. anteriorly: pectoralis minor, clavipectoral fascia, clavicle, pectoralis major (forming the anterior axillary fold) The lateral boundary of the thoracic outlet is the medial border of the first rib. [1] Wilbourne suggests five different types of TOS; a venous variant, The thoracic outlet is the space between the thorax and axilla through which the subclavian vein, subclavian artery, and brachial plexus travel from their central origins to their peripheral termini. The thoracic outlet is marked by the anterior scalene muscle anteriorly, the The thoracic outlet, also termed the inferior thoracic aperture, is the inferior margin of the thoracic cavity. The thoracic outlet is marked by the anterior scalene muscle anteriorly, the middle scalene posteriorly, and the first rib inferiorly. 1. The outlet of the thorax is covered by the diaphragm. ” Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the superior thoracic aperture, the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit, also known as the thoracic outlet. The ve nerve roots and the lower, middle, and upper trunks Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a nonspecific diagnosis representing many conditions that involve the compression of the neurovascular structures that pass through the thoracic outlet. The inferior thoracic aperture : Boundaries: Posteriorly: T12 vertebra : Anterolaterally: 12 th pair of ribs and its costal cartilages : Anteriorly: xiphisternal joint : Note: Through this wide aperture (thoracic outlet), the thoracic cavity communicates with the abdomen. Brachial Plexus. Contents. Thoracic duct. Posteriorly, the thoracic outlet is bor­ dered by the upper trapezius, scapula, and its accom­ panying musculature. D. In infants and children, the thymus extends inferiorly into the anterior [MUSIC PLAYING] All about Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Overview. Clavicle. Inside this house, there are 10 occupants. 5% of cases. Vital organs, such as the heart and lungs, reside completely within the thoracic cavity, and other, equally vital organs, such as the aorta and esophagus, extend into the abdominal cavity. The gap between the 'S' and the 'AL' to emphasize that 'S' is 1 st part and 'AL' are 2 nd part. The diaphragm is the primary Describe the boundaries of the thoracic inlet and outlet, the structures that pass through them and their relations. Costal part arising from deep surfaces of lower six rib and their costal cartilages 3. NIREN ANGLE, in The Vein Book, 2007. The perineum is separated from the pelvic cavity superiorly by the pelvic floor. However, clinicians may refer to the superior thoracic aperture as the thoracic outlet due to the fact that arteries and nerves leave the thorax through this area to enter the neck and upper extremities. The subclavian arteries exit the root of the neck at the lateral border of the first rib continuing as the axillary arteries (Fig Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a clinical syndrome resulting from symptomatic compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian vasculature as they course through the thoracic outlet towards the axilla []. 1 Radiographic Anatomy at the Thoracic Inlet 4. Superior Thoracic Outlet Boundaries. The thoracic wall protects the heart, major vessels, lungs, and part of the liver and spleen. The thoracic inlet, also known as the superior thoracic aperture, is the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity that allows structures to pass between the chest and neck. Formed by the: - thoracic vertebrae - ribs (12 pairs) - costal cartilages - sternum. [1] There are three main types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial. The boundaries of the thoracic outlet most medi­ ally include the scalenus anterior anteriorly, the sca­ lenus medius and minimus posteriorly, and the first rib inferiorly. The thoracic cavity is an irregularly shaped cylinder encl osed by the musculoskeletal walls of the thorax and the diaphragm. 2. The rib cage is formed by the ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. • Anteriorly, the thoracic wall consists of thesternum. It is an important anatomical landmark that helps define the boundaries of the thoracic cavity. The floor of the thoracic cavity is formed by the diaphragm. 11 Symptoms of an ulnar neuropathy and thoracic outlet syndrome in cyclists may present nerves also lie in the thoracic outlet area and are of extreme surgical importance. anteriorly: pectoralis minor, clavipectoral fascia, clavicle, pectoralis major (forming the anterior axillary fold) Thoracic outlet syndrome is compression of structures leaving the thorax to enter the brachium. However, the space has an additional structure. Sternal part arising from posterior surface of xiphoid process 2. 5. Describe the arrangement and contents of the superior, anterior, middle and posterior parts of the mediastinum. Putnam, Jr. The diaphragm occupies and closes the inferior thoracic aperture, thereby separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Mnemonics serve as a systematic method for remembrance of functionally or systemically related items within regions of larger fields of study, such as those found in the study of specific areas of human anatomy, such as the The thoracic inlet is often seen on the “edge of the film” at computed tomography (CT); consequently, lesions affecting this structure are easily overlooked. Subclavian Vein; Phrenic Nerve; Anterior Scalene. 2 Ulnar pain can originate from compression of a variety of places such as the cervical nerve roots as they exit the spinal cord, the brachial plexus, the thoracic outlet, or further down the upper extremity in the arm, elbow, forearm, or wrist. The upper end of anterior boundary is located 1. Extent: Thoracic outlet (1st rib) to Diaphragm (T12) Superior mediastinum: Upper extentThoracic outletContents (superficial to deep)1. e. ANATOMY SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR THORACIC OPERATIONS LUNG LUNG CANCER TRACHEA PULMONARY INFECTIONS MASSIVE HEMOPTYSIS EMPHYSEMA AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE PULMONARY METASTASES MISCELLANEOUS LUNG TUMORS CHEST Cranial Nerve Mnemonics. Its anterior edge is formed by the scalenus anterior muscle, its posterior wall by the scalenus medius muscle and its base by the first rib. For mnemonics in other medical specialties, see this list of medical mnemonics. Muscles. The thorax has two major openings: the superior thoracic aperture found superiorly and the inferior The thorax refers to the region of the body between the neck and the abdomen. The scalene triangle is defined by the first rib and the anterior and middle scalene muscles Boundaries. Doctors have classically defined the thoracic outlet as the space at the top of the rib cage, where the neck joins the chest. This is in contrast to the subclavian vein, which travels anterior to the anterior scalene. Thoracic outlet syndrome in cyclists can present as a condition on its own or a confounding issue and should remain on the differential of hand paresthesias. 7 Computed Tomography (CT) may show abnormal fibrous bands in the Wright Test is used for Thoracic outlet syndrome, hyperabduction syndrome, costoclavicular syndrome, pectoralis minor syndrome, and first thoracic rib syndrome. Its bounds include the clavicle, first thoracic rib, insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle onto t Anatomy and Embryology of the Thoracic Outlet Thorac Surg Clin. [1] The neurogenic type is the most common and presents with pain, weakness, Typical thoracic duct anatomy described earlier is only present in 50% of the population. doi The four T's make up the mnemonic for anterior mediastinal masses:: Thymus; Teratoma (germ cell) Thyroid; Terrible Lymphoma; On conventional radiographs look for the signs listed in the table on the left. Ten structures pass through the carpal tunnel. Its borders are: The thoracic inlet is the region between the structures of the neck and the contents of the thoracic cavity. In the superior mediastinum, the thoracic duct passes to the left of the oesophagus on its path to the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. the main agent responsible for the symptoms, thus guiding the Cycling. Auchincloss, MD, MPHb INTRODUCTION The thoracic outlet is defined as the space in the lower neck between the thorax and axilla through which the subclavian vein, subclavian artery, and brachial plexus travel from their central origins to their peripheral termini. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where does the thoracic diaphragm originate?, The thoracic diaphragm transmits what 3 orifices?, What is the mnemonic for the 3 orifices of the thoracic diaphragm? and more. The anatomic features of the thoracic outlet are descriptive in their own right The thorax is the upper part of the trunk, bounded by the diaphragm inferiorly, the thoracic inlet superiorly, and the thoracic cage between. The plexus is formed by the anterior rami (divisions) of cervical spinal nerves C5, C6, C7 and C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1. Andrea Cyr DO, in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 2022. 3 CuTS is defined as The thoracic outlet is the space between the thorax and axilla through which the subclavian vein, subclavian artery, and brachial plexus travel from their central origins to their peripheral termini. The subclavian vessels and brachial plexus pass though the space related to the scalene muscles. Doctors use the term outlet because blood vessels pass from the chest into the neck and shoulders through this What is the thoracic outlet? Caudal outlet of the thoracic cavity sealed by the diaphragm (Dome shaped muscle crucial for breathing) What are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet, dorsally? The thoracic outlet is defined as the space in the lower neck between the thorax and axilla through which the subclavian vein, subclavian artery, and brachial plexus travel from their Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to a constellation of symptoms caused by compression of the neurovascular bundle of the upper limb as they pass between the uppermost rib and clavicle en route to the axilla. Animal_Technology. Its bony margins are: posteriorly: twelfth thoracic vertebra; posterolaterally: twelfth and eleventh ribs; anterolaterally: the cartilages of the tenth to The thoracic outlet contains three important structures: the subclavian artery and vein and the brachial plexus. The first rib. It begins in the root of the neck, passes through the axilla, and runs through the entire upper extremity. Careful clinical examination, aided by an electrophysiological study, will determine where the compression site is (proximal or distal), i. From its origin, the subclavian artery travels laterally, passing between anterior and middle scalene muscles, with the anterior scalene on its anterior side and the middle scalene on its posterior. Describe the relationship of the structures in the hilum of the lung to the mediastinum. It is bounded by the clav- Abstract Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is used to describe a symptom complex caused by digital vascular compromise. An easy memory hook/mnemonic is that carpal tunnel is a house - it has a roof (TCL) with rock walls (carpal bones). TTFFT, Patients are often young will little co-morbidity making invasive monitoring less important. retropectoralis minor space: between pectoralis minor and coracoid process. What is thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)? Sam Farres, M. These can arise from the sympathetic ganglia (eg neuroblastoma) or • Boundaries of the thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet • Anatomical and clinical importance of the horizontal plane joining the sternal angle with the T4 / 5 intervertebral disc • How to identify the 2nd rib on a patient • The gross anatomical features of the thoracic walls and lungs Osteology & Surface Anatomy: Mnemonics S AL SAP. The anterior mediastinum contains no major structures. and forms the anterior boundary of the scalene triangle. For structures to pass between the two cavities, they either pass behind the diaphragm or pass Anatomy of Thoracic Outlet Understanding the anatomy and compartments of the thoracic outlet is essential for accurate reporting of the location of disease. , Chair, Division of Vascular Surgery Mayo Clinic in Florida: Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition where irritation or compression of nerves and vessel can happen within the thoracic outlet. The axilla (plural: axillae), colloquially known as the armpit, is a space located between the upper limb and thorax, which permits the passage of major neurovascular structures. A handy mnemonic to remember the structures found at the level of the thoracic plane (also known as the plane of Ludwig) is: CLAPTRAP RAT PLANT Mnemonic CLAPTRAP C: cardiac plexus L: ligamentum arteriosum A: aortic arch (inner concavity) The costoclavicular space is the anterior portion of the superior thoracic aperture, between the clavicle and first rib. oedema in brachial Anteriorly: Superior border of manubrium sterni. 4. The brachial plexus is a network of nerve fibres that supplies the skin and musculature of the upper limb. Its bounds include the clavicle, first thoracic rib, insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle onto the coracoid process of the humerus, and the sternum. The carpal tunnel has well-defined anatomical boundaries. The term “thoracic outlet” is the area between the neck and shoulder, over the top of the thorax, and under the clavicle. The four T's make up the mnemonic for anterior mediastinal masses:: Thymus; Teratoma (germ cell parasympathetic chain, thoracic duct, descending thoracic aorta, small vessels and the vertebrae. It represents an important anatomic landmark, serving as the central conducting pathway for many vital structures extending from the neck Unlabelled: Thoracic outlet syndrome is a constellation of signs and symptoms due to compression of the neurovascular bundle of the upper limb. In over 95% of cases, the thoracic duct The diaphragm is an unpaired, dome shaped skeletal muscle that is located in the trunk. It lies at the level of T9–T10 vertebrae and marks the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity anteriorly. For structures to pass between the two cavities, they either pass behind the diaphragm or pass This is a list of human anatomy mnemonics, categorized and alphabetized. • NOT related to the anatomical thoracic outlet • Symptoms: • Numbness and weakness of the upper extremities due to compression of the brachial plexus and / or subclavian vasculature • Areas of compression: • Interscalene triangle • The thoracic inlet is located at the crossroads between imaging of the neck and chest. Posteriorly: Anterior border of the superior surface of thebody of T1 vertebra. 28 a). 1 Frontal Projection The normal radiographic appearance of the thoracic inlet is influenced in a major way by the anatomy of the major blood vessels. The duct empties on the right side in 2% to 3% of cases and bilaterally in up to 1. 2021 Feb;31(1):1-10. The peritoneum is continuous over all three structures and consequently, an additional space is created. Anterior: Sternum; Lateral: First Rib; Posterior: Vertebrae; Order of Structures (Anterior to Posterior) Mn . Two principal areas of nerve compression in neurogenic TOS are the scalene triangle and the subpectoralis space. Gross anatomy. The thoracic outlet, also termed the inferior thoracic aperture, is the inferior margin of the thoracic cavity. Hyperabduction syndrome “The second part of the axillary artery gets occluded by the overlying pectoralis minor muscle when the arm was hyperabducted and brought overhead. costoclavicular space: between the clavicle and 1 st rib. The superior opening of the bony thorax is now considered to be the thoracic outlet, sometimes termed the superior thoracic aperture. The sternohyoid and sternothyroid Boundaries. Thoracic Duct—empties into the left subclavian vein; injury → lymphatic leak. RP is a clinical diagnosis. The inferior thoracic aperture is irregular in shape and is more oblique and much larger than the superior thoracic aperture. Signs and symptoms include upper extremity paresthesia, neck Anatomy Mnemonics Compiled List James Lamberg Page 2 of 7 Axillary Artery Branches “Save The Lions And Protect Species”: Supreme/Superior Thoracic Artery, Thoracoacromial Artery, Lateral Thoracic, Anterior Circumflex Humeral, Posterior Circumflex Humeral, Subscapular (thoracodorsal and circumflex scapular) Thoracoacromial Artery Branches Pathology. The latest techniques give an easy and unequivocal insight into the vascular and non-vascular (indirect) nature of the condition thus aiding clinical management decision making. The superior thoracic aperture is bounded by: the first thoracic vertebra posteriorly, the first pair of ribs laterally (more specifically, the first ribs form lateral C-shaped curves posterior to anterior), and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly. It accommodates loose connective tissue (including the sternopericardial ligaments, which tether the pericardium to the sternum), fat, some lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and branches of the internal thoracic vessels. It is located between the thighs, and represents the most inferior part of the pelvic outlet. thoracic outlet syndrome, The perineum is an anatomical region in the pelvis. Thoracic outlet syndrome. There are many important structures that pass through the thoracic inlet including the carotid arteries, the trachea, the internal jugular veins, various lymph nodes and vessels and several large nerves including the phrenic, vagus and laryngeal nerves. In the female pelvic cavity, the uterus and vagina occupy the space between the urinary bladder and the rectum. 1 st rib 2 of the Thoracic Outlet Margaret R. The transverse plane through the thoracic inlet parallels the first rib and is tilted so that it is higher posteriorly than it is anteriorly (Fig. The finding of an obliterated retrosternal clear space is not so helpfull anymore, since nowadays many patients are obese. Pharmacology Mnemonics App. The middle scalene muscle (scalene medius) arises from the transverse processes of the second through seventh Some physical therapists use an ABC mnemonic in the initial treatment of Angiography can demonstrate thromboembolic vessel blockage and aneurysms that may be compressing the plexus. 5 inches below The boundaries of Béclard's triangle, named after the French anatomist Pierre A. App Features: Lifetime product updates; The base/floor is composed of tough axillary fascia, which extends between the chest wall (at the level of the 4 th rib), arm, and the posterior boundary. Knowledge of thoracic outlet anatomy and the four major areas of compression is cardinal for the surgeon to perform ally and superiorly in the superior thoracic outlet, deep to the clavicle and superior to the first rib, passing within the interscalene triangle, between the insertions of the scalenus anterior and medius muscles. And the thoracic outlet is the space between Comprehensive anatomy of brachial plexus from the 5 contributing roots to the 5 terminal branches along with regional and sensory distributions to explain brachial plexus injuries and their clinical presentation. In the living, The 12 thoracic vertebrae and the sternum support the thoracic cage, which is composed of 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages. The thoracic, or chest wall, consists of a skeletal framework, fascia, muscles, and neurovasculature – all connected together to form a strong and protective yet flexible cage. • Posteriorly, it consists of the 12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs. The scapula. See table 1. tion of shadows seen at the thoracic inlet on chest radiographs. A vascular abnormality that may be overlooked is venous thrombosis. The term ‘thoracic outlet syndrome’ describes compression of the neurovascular structures as they exit through the thoracic outlet (cervicothoracobrachial region). The scalene triangle is bound by the anterior and middle scalene muscles, with the first rib at the base. Terms in this set (79) thoracic cage. 1. Proximally, the plexus passes through the scalene triangle, and distally through the subcoracoid space. The origin, course, and function of the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves through the upper limb are described. These include the phrenic, long thoracic, dorsal scapular, sec-ond intercostobrachial cutaneous, and supracla-vicular nerves, along with the cervical sympathetic chain. Its borders are: Useful mnemonics to remember the branches of the axillary artery are: S AL SAP; Screw the lawyer, save a patient! Mnemonics S AL SAP. Chapter 58 Lung, Chest Wall, Pleura, and Mediastinum Joe B. S: superior thoracic artery (from 1st part) A: acromiothoracic (thoracoacromial) artery (from 2nd part) L: lateral thoracic artery (from 2nd part) S: subscapular artery (from 3rd part) A: anterior humeral circumflex artery (from A handy mnemonic to remember the structures found at the level of the thoracic plane (also known as the plane of Ludwig) is: CLAPTRAP RAT PLANT Mnemonic CLAPTRAP C: cardiac plexus L: ligamentum arteriosum A: aortic arch (inner concavity) Supraclavicular zone Station 1 (left/right): low cervical, supraclavicular, and sternal notch nodes. The typically episodic nature of RP has resulted in a reliance upon patient self-report for diagnosis. As the MR imaging is useful in patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome particularly in evaluating the brachial plexus and surrounding structures. There are three common sites of compression: scalene triangle: between scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles. Connolly, MDa,*, Hugh G. obvwxu bykir kpwjb zyjjq bdjc jrlj opzysaeep gtvemls vxjm fvbl